أخي وأستاذي الكريم سليمان ابو ستة
عطفا على سؤالك عن الزحاف وجدت ما يلي
1- نظير التكافؤ الخببي ( العصب والإضمار ) :
Substitution. The general idea, therefore, is that a poet composes a hexameter verse by placing words into the metrical scheme wherever they best fit. One potential problem is that not every word has one short syllable, let alone two. What to do, then, with words that have only long syllables? The answer is that the meter must become more flexible. Specifically, the poet, at his or her license, may replace (or contract) the pair of short syllables in the arsis with (or into) a long syllable: uu for . - The foot is no longer a dactyl, but a spondee: for . The term spondee derives from the Greek spondê, which means "libation"; spondaic feet, because of their stately, "dum-dum" rhythm, often occurred in songs at solemn drink-offerings.
So every foot in a hexameter verse has the potential to be either a dactyl or a spondee. Figure C illustrates this notion
http://www.skidmore.edu/classics/cou...meter/figc.JPG
ومن الطريف أن رمزهم لهذا يشبه u u =11 or 2 بعض الشيء رمز السبب الخببي 2 ذي الوجهين 2 و 1 1 = (2)
2- ما يناظر الزحاف (-ه ) أو الحذف في الحشو (-2)
Elision. The contraction of dactyls into spondees, we have seen, provides a certain flexibility, allowing more opportunities for word placement within a verse. Sometimes syllables were ignored altogether through a process called elision (Latin for "knocking out"), which ensured further flexibility. The first rule of elision is as follows:
A final syllable ending in a vowel may be omitted from the meter before a word beginning with a vowel (or an h-).
EXAMPLE: The phrase n[OVERLINE]au[/OVERLINE]ta [OVERLINE]e[/OVERLINE]st is technically three syllables long; but because est begins with a vowel and nauta ends with one, the final -a is elided�"knocked out," ignored�for a total of two syllables: n[OVERLINE]au[/OVERLINE]t[OVERLINE]a e[/OVERLINE]st (pronounced something like "now test").
Note how the rule states that the syllable may be omitted: it need not always be. The term for deliberate avoidance of elision is called hiatus (Latin for "gap").
The second rule of elision is much the same as the first:
A final syllable ending in the letter -m may be omitted from the meter before a word beginning with a vowel (or an h-). So is elided to (again, "now test").
Figure E illustrates both rules at work within Aeneid 1.3.
http://www.skidmore.edu/classics/cou...meter/fige.JPG
أرجو الرجوع للأصل على الرابط أدناه لوضوح التنسيق بشكل أفضل.
